The geopolitical story of the last few years has featured Western democracies¡¯ gradual awakening to the realities of an increasingly ambitious and authoritarian China.

European countries have gone from competing with each other to be China¡¯s best friend to sharing the view that China represents a profound, multifaceted challenge.

For example, on global issues such as climate change, European governments must now find a way to work effectively with a difficult partner. On economic and technological issues such as artificial intelligence, China has emerged as a fierce competitor. And on human rights, democracy and the role of the state in the economy, it is now seen as a ¡°systemic rival.¡±