Nationalism arouses solidarity and generates identity politics that threaten ethnic and religious minorities. Defining the ¡°we¡± also defines the ¡°they¡± ¡ª and the latter is inexorably marginalized.

Identity politics carry with them a high risk of sectarian or communal violence. State abuses of authority, and impunity for abusers, often transform grievances into a shared collective identity among victimized minorities, generating defiance, militancy and a cycle of violence.

China¡¯s Muslim Uighurs from Xinjiang, and Buddhist Tibetans, are resisting assimilation despite sustained efforts by ethnic Han Chinese. Both groups harbor strong resentments against Han-ification that sometimes erupt into violence ¡ª direct action that¡¯s quickly suppressed by security officials.