When Hayao Miyazaki was capable of generating crude animation in 2016, his response was blunt: “I am utterly disgusted.”

The Studio Ghibli co-founder — whose films include the 1997 epic “Princess Mononoke” and the 2001 Oscar-winning “Spirited Away” — also called the demonstration “an insult to life itself.” The remark, delivered with visible contempt, quickly became a rallying cry for skeptics of machine-made art.

At the time, the technology seemed crude, even nonthreatening. Few predicted how quickly it would mature. Eight years later, OpenAI released a major update to ChatGPT, its AI-powered chatbot, allowing users to generate images from text prompts in seconds.