Munera Mokgoko was just 3 when apartheid fell. She can barely remember, much less fathom, the swell of hope that accompanied Black liberation three decades ago, shaped by Nelson Mandela¡¯s vision of social equality and pan-African solidarity.

¡°South Africa doesn¡¯t have any ubuntu,¡± the 33-year-old said, using a Zulu word meaning humanity, ahead of an election in which the ruling African National Congress (ANC) is pledging to crack down on undocumented migrants from the rest of the continent.

¡°It¡¯s like we don¡¯t know how to welcome people.¡±