Amena, 7 months old, lay silently in her hospital crib amid the mewling of desperately ill infants in the malnutrition ward.

Her mother, Balqisa, had brought the child to Indira Gandhi Children¡¯s Hospital in Kabul, Afghanistan¡¯s capital, the night before. ¡°Her body was so hot,¡± she said, stroking her daughter¡¯s emaciated leg.

The baby had a high fever, convulsions and sepsis, said Dr. Mohammad Iqbal Sadiq, a pediatrician, glancing at her chart.