Since the pandemic forced him into remote learning, 10-year-old Jhay Ar Calma has often had to climb on to the corrugated iron roof of his home in a poor neighborhood of Manila to get an internet signal.

Up on the roof, he sits on a broken plastic basin and hopes there will be a signal strong enough for his government-issued device.

¡°Sometimes we change the SIM card to a different provider so he doesn¡¯t have to study on the roof, but there¡¯s rarely enough money to spare for that,¡± Calma¡¯s mother Jonalyn Parulan said.