Hiroko Yano, who¡¯s worked 20 years at the same company, was recently told she could become a manager. The mother of three, who puts in an average of two hours of overtime a day, rejected the idea, saying she doesn¡¯t want to be stuck in the office until midnight like the other managers.

¡°I¡¯d like to have a job where I don¡¯t have to do overtime,¡± said Yano, 45, a team leader at an information technology solutions company, who asked that it not be named. ¡°Sometimes I think it would be better to give up working altogether and become a housewife, so that I can see my children when they come back from school.¡±

Japan¡¯s culture of working long hours makes it difficult for women to take senior roles and still leave on time, threatening to thwart Prime Minister Shinzo Abe¡¯s pledge to fill 30 percent of management positions with females by 2020. Unless more women and elderly people are encouraged to work, the nation¡¯s labor force may shrink to 38 million people in 2060 from 66 million now, according to Cabinet Office calculations.