¡°We must separate the Jews into two categories, the Zionists and the partisans of assimilation,¡± wrote Reinhard Heydrich, one of the architects of the Holocaust, in 1935.

¡°The Zionists profess a strictly racial concept and, through emigration to Palestine, they help to build their own Jewish State. ... (O)ur good wishes and our official goodwill go with them.¡±

In Heydrich¡¯s terms, the creation of the State of Israel thus represented the triumph of Zionism over assimilationism. But it also complicated the traditional antisemitic perception of Jews as a deracinated, rootless people. This was Martin Heidegger¡¯s view, in 1939, when he called for an examination of ¡°Jewry¡¯s predisposition to planetary criminality¡±: